Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compositions of abscisic acid

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to compositions comprising abscisic acid, and/or salts, derivatives and analogs thereof, and methods of pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical use.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/236,462 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,536,224) filed Sep. 19, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/384,020 filed Sep. 17, 2010. The entire teachings of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to compositions comprising abscisic acid, and/or salts, derivatives and analogs thereof, and methods of their preparation and administration for pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical use in humans.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Abscisic acid is a naturally occurring plant hormone and a safe, nontoxic substance. The chemistry and physiology of abscisic acid and its analogs is described by Milborrow, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1974, 25, 259-307. The naturally occurring enantiomeric form of abscisic acid is (S)-(+)-abscisic acid. The stereochemistry of the side chain of the major part of naturally occurring abscisic acid is 2-cis-,4-trans-, since that is the isomer that is produced biosynthetically by all green plants and some microorganisms.

Certain salts of abscisic acid, and/or derivatives and analogs thereof, as described in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/011,846, 12/011,825, 61/083,202, 61/083,203 and PCT/US08/01203, however, have demonstrated high concentrations of abscisic acid in their compositions, and are incorporated herein.

Commercial formulations comprising abscisic acid are used in agriculture and horticulture on or around crops and plants for improving stress tolerance, slowing the growth rate, and adjusting flowering phase. Abscisic acid has also been reported to possess insect inhibition qualities. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,434,180 and 4,209,530. Others have reported potential medicinal properties of abscisic acid, for example US patent application No. 2006/0292215 discloses methods of using abscisic acid for anti-cancer purposes, and international application No. WO 2007/042983 discloses anti-inflammatory activity of abscisic acid. Contents of these patents are incorporated by reference.

Here, Applicants have surprisingly discovered that abscisic acid, and/or salts, derivatives and analogs thereof, have pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties in humans.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed to compositions comprising abscisic acid, and/or salts, derivatives and analogs thereof (collectively referred to as “ABA” herein), of which (S)-(+)-abscisic acid is one enantiomer (hereinafter “S-ABA”), and methods of their use as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Applicants found that compositions of ABA can be used to treat various ailments, and may also be used as nutraceuticals.

Compositions of the present invention generally comprise ABA. Other components which enhance the biological activity of ABA may optionally be included.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to methods of treating prostate enlargement comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of ABA.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to treatment for diabetes including methods of reducing glucose levels and methods of decreasing triglyceride levels in blood comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of ABA.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to reproduction and more specifically to methods of increasing post-natal survival rates and weight comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, or lactating parent of patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of ABA.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to methods of increasing immunological function comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of ABA. This immunological effect may be, at least in part, indicated via the observed reduction in size of the spleen, as a number of conditions—from infections to liver disease and some cancers—can cause an enlarged spleen.

Finally in another embodiment, the present invention is directed to enhancing alertness and the treatment of attention deficit disorder comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of ABA.

The disclosed embodiments are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts disclosed herein and should not be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed to compositions comprising ABA, of which S-ABA is one enantiomer, and methods of their use as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Applicants found that compositions of ABA can be used to treat various ailments, as well be used as nutraceuticals, in infant formula or as a food ingredient.

Preferred ABA analogs and derivatives are defined by Structures 1, 2, and 3, wherein for Structure 1:

the bond at the 2-position of the side chain is a cis- or trans-double bond,

the bond at the 4-position of the side chain is a trans-double bond or a triple bond,

the stereochemistry of the alcoholic hydroxyl group is S-, R- or an R,S-mixture,

the stereochemistry of the R₁ group is in a cis-relationship to the alcoholic hydroxyl group,

R₁=ethynyl, ethenyl, cyclopropyl, or trifluoromethyl, and

R₂=hydrogen or lower alkyl

wherein lower alkyl is defined as an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, which may comprise zero or one ring or double bond when 3 or more carbon atoms are present.

For Structure 2:

the bond at the 2-position of the side chain is a cis- or trans-double bond,

the bond at the 4-position of the side chain is a triple bond,

the stereochemistry of the alcoholic hydroxyl group is S-, R- or an R,S-mixture,

R₁=hydrogen or lower alkyl

wherein lower alkyl is defined as an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, which may comprise zero or one ring or double bond when 3 or more carbon atoms are present.

For Structure 3:

the bond at the 2-position of the side chain is a cis- or trans-double bond,

the bond at the 4-position of the side chain is a trans-double bond,

the stereochemistry of the alcoholic hydroxyl group is S-, R- or an R,S-mixture,

R₁=hydrogen or lower alkyl

wherein lower alkyl is defined as an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, which may comprise zero or one ring or double bond when 3 or more carbon atoms are present.

Salts of the above analogs including sodium and potassium salts may be used in this invention.

S-ABA is the preferred compound of the compositions and uses herein and has the structure as follows:

Compositions and methods of the inventions encompass all isomeric forms of the described abscisic acids, their racemic mixtures, enol forms, solvated and unsolvated forms, analogs, prodrugs, derivatives, including but not limited to esters and ethers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Examples of suitable salts that can be used include inorganic salts such as the ammonium, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and potassium salts and organic amine salts such as the triethanolamine, diethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine and ethanolamine salts. In one embodiment, the organic amine salt is the triethanolamine salt. In another embodiment, the organic amine salt is the dimethylethanolamine salt. In yet another embodiment, the organic amine salt is the ethanolamine salt. These examples of salts are not limiting as other salts may also be suitable for use in the present invention. One presently preferred salt is the ammonium salt. Other preferred salts are the sodium and potassium salts. The salts may be prepared by contacting the acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce a salt in the conventional manner. The free acid forms may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous acid solution such as dilute aqueous sulfuric, hydrochloric or phosphoric acid. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties, such as their solubilities in polar solvents, but the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid forms for purposes of the invention. (See, for example S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci., 66: 1-19 (1977) which is incorporated herein by reference).

Definitions

The terms “preventing” and “prevention” refer to prophylactic use to reduce the likelihood of a disease, disorder, or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disease, disorder, or condition. It is not necessary to achieve a 100% likelihood of prevention; it is sufficient to achieve at least a partial effect of reducing the risk of acquiring such disease, disorder, or condition.

The terms “patient” and “patients” refer to any person, or offspring of person, who is receiving treatment, is in need of treatment, is taking or receiving treatment for prevention purposes, and/or is being administered the composition. The term “offspring” refers to progeny or descendants of a person and includes born progeny, fetuses and embryos.

The term “composition” includes a product comprising ABA (and in the specified amounts, if indicated), including products with exogenous or upregulated ABA, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of ABA with specified ingredients in the specified amounts. By “pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant the diluent, excipient or carrier must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

The term “administering” or “administration” includes any means for introducing the ABA of the invention and other therapeutic agents, into the body, preferably into the systemic circulation. Examples include but are not limited to oral, buccal, sublingual, pulmonary, ophthalmic, transdermal, transmucosal, intranasal, as well as subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular injection, transplacental transfer and lactation.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a compound that, when administered to a patient for treating a disease, condition or attaining a desired result, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease or desired result. The “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease state being treated or health benefit desired, the severity or the disease treated, the result desired, the age and relative health of the patient, the route and form of administration, the judgment of the attending medical practitioner, or person attending or caring for patient, and other factors. The amount of ABA that is “effective” will vary from composition to composition, depending on the particular use, the particular ABA, salts, derivatives and analogs thereof, and the like. Thus, it is not always possible to specify an exact “effective amount.” However, an appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.

The term “treating” and “treatment” have a commonly understood meaning of administration of a remedy to a patient, or the patient's parent, who has or is suspected of having a disease or a condition, and refer to reversing, alleviating, inhibiting, or slowing the progress of the disease, disorder, or condition to which such terms apply, or one or more symptoms of such disease, disorder, or condition, or preventing or decreasing the chances of a disease, condition, disorder or outcome from occurring, or to increase effects of a specified physiological response or health benefit.

As used herein, the terms “reducing”, “suppressing” and “inhibiting” have their commonly understood meaning of lessening or decreasing. As used herein, the term “progression” means increasing in scope or severity, advancing, growing or becoming worse. As used herein, the term “recurrence” means the return of a pre-treatment state after a period of remission.

As used herein, the term “nutraceutical” is commonly understood to mean any substance containing ABA that is a food or liquid, part of a food or liquid, or addition to food or liquid, and that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease, or that triggers a physiological response independent or in excess of a substance that does not contain exogenous or upregulated ABA. Such products may range from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements, specific diets, genetically engineered designer foods, herbal products, and processed foods such as cereals, soups, nutritional bars, beverages, tablets, capsules, solutions, emulsions, bars, gels, shakes, yogurts, breads, juices, and other nutraceuticals.

As used herein, all numerical values relating to amounts, weight percentages and the like are defined as “about” or “approximately” each particular value, namely, plus or minus 10%. For example, the phrase “at least 5% by weight” is to be understood as “at least 4.5% to 5.5% by weight.” Therefore, amounts within 10% of the claimed values are encompassed by the scope of the claims.

Compositions for Administration

In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can be included in a pharmaceutically suitable vehicle suitable for oral ingestion. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include solid fillers or diluents and sterile aqueous or organic solutions. The active compound is present in such pharmaceutical compositions in an amount sufficient to provide the desired effect.

Pharmaceutical compositions contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention can be used in the form of a solid, a solution, an emulsion, a dispersion, a micelle, a liposome, and the like, wherein the resulting composition contains one or more of the active ingredients in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for nasal, enteral, or parenteral applications.

The active ingredients may be combined, for example, with the usual nontoxic, pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, suppositories, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, hard or soft capsules, caplets or syrups or elixirs and any other form suitable for use. The possible carriers include glucose, lactose, gum acacia, gelatin, mannitol, starch paste, magnesium trisilicate, talc, corn starch, keratin, colloidal silica, potato starch, urea, medium chain length triglycerides, dextrans, and other carriers suitable for use in manufacturing preparations, in solid, semisolid, or liquid form. In addition auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening and coloring agents may be used.

In another embodiment, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated for an intranasal, intravenous, transdermal or opthalmic administration. It is within a skill in the art to formulate the compositions for such administration.

In a different embodiment, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated with foodstuffs for oral consumption. In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention may be formulated as a nutritional supplement for consumption, for example as a solid or liquid, such as a tablet, capsule, solution, emulsion, bar, gel, shake or the like. In other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated with yogurts, cereals, breads, juices and other nutraceuticals. In more embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be incorporated with yogurts, cereals, breads, juices and other nutraceuticals including, but not limited to, foodstuffs which provide health benefits.

In a different embodiment, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated in a liquid composition for oral consumption. It is within a skill in the art to formulate the compositions in liquid compositions for oral consumption.

In other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be administered through a lactating parent to offspring, through transplacental transfer from parent to offspring, by IV, or in an infant formula for the offspring.

Diseases and Conditions to be Treated with Compositions and Methods of the Invention

The invention provides methods of treating and/or preventing a disease or condition comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compositions of the invention.

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of treating prostate enlargement comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of ABA.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to treatment of diabetes including methods of reducing glucose levels or methods of decreasing triglyceride levels in blood comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of ABA.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to reproduction and more specifically to methods of increasing post-natal survival rates and weight comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of ABA.

An embodiment of the present invention is directed to methods of increasing immunological function comprising administering to a patient or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of ABA. This may result at least in part due to the reduction in size of the spleen in the animal. The spleen is an organ which plays a role in filtering and recycling blood while platelets and white cells are stored there, all playing a role with the immune system.

Finally in another embodiment, the present invention is directed to enhancing alertness and the treatment of attention deficit disorder comprising administering to a patent a therapeutically effective amount of ABA.

A preferred range of a therapeutically effective amount of ABA for the various methods is from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day. A more preferred range of a therapeutically effective amount of ABA is from about 10 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day. An especially preferred range of a therapeutically effective amount of ABA is from about 50 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day. An especially preferred range of a therapeutically effective amount of ABA is from about 50 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day.

The preferred composition comprises S-ABA.

One embodiment of the present invention is liquid compositions that can be prepared as either ready-to-use dilutions or dilutable concentrates. The embodiment of the present invention can be a solution containing from 0.5% to as much as 50% by weight of ABA. The dilutable concentrates can be diluted into water directly to a final application concentration or to any intermediate dilution, without risk of precipitation of the active ingredient. The aqueous formulations according one embodiment of the present invention are inexpensive to manufacture, safe to handle and use, and the ABA active ingredient is stable under storage and shipping conditions. A person having ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine how to prepare the final aqueous solution concentration for direct application to humans and/or animals without undue experimentation, without any chance of causing precipitation of the active ingredient, and without long and laborious stirring to bring the active ingredient into solution.

Compositions of the present invention may be prepared as a single unit dose or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” means a discrete amount of the composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient that would be administered to a patient or a fraction thereof.

Compositions of the present invention may be liquids or lyophilized or otherwise dried formulations and include diluents of various buffer content (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength, additives such as albumin or gelatin to prevent absorption to surfaces, detergents (e.g., Tween 20® (Tween is a registered trademark of Uniquema Americas, LLC), Tween® 80, Pluronic® (Pluronic is a registered trademark of BASF Corporation) F68, bile acid salts), solubilizing agents (e.g., glycerol, polyethylene glycerol), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite), preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal™, benzyl alcohol, parabens), bulking substances or tonicity modifiers (e.g., lactose, mannitol), covalent attachment of polymers such as polyethylene glycol to the protein, complexation with metal ions, or incorporation of the material into or onto particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, hydrogels, etc, or onto liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroplasts. Such compositions will influence the physical state, solubility, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance. Controlled or sustained release compositions include formulation in lipophilic depots (e.g., fatty acids, waxes, oils).

Further, as used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carriers” are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, 0.01-0.1 M and preferably 0.05M phosphate buffer or 0.9% saline. Additionally, such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.

Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's and fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, collating agents, inert gases and the like.

Controlled or sustained release compositions according to the invention include formulation in lipophilic depots (e.g. fatty acids, waxes, oils). Also comprehended by the invention are particulate compositions coated with polymers (e.g. poloxamers or poloxamines) and the compound coupled to antibodies directed against tissue-specific receptors, ligands or antigens or coupled to ligands of tissue-specific receptors. Other embodiments of the compositions according to the invention incorporate particulate forms, protective coatings, protease inhibitors or permeation enhancers for various routes of administration, including parenteral, pulmonary, nasal and oral.

Compounds modified by the covalent attachment of water-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyproline are known to exhibit substantially longer half-lives in blood following intravenous injection than do the corresponding unmodified compounds. Such modifications may also increase the compound's solubility in aqueous solution, eliminate aggregation, enhance the physical and chemical stability of the compound, and greatly reduce the immunogenicity and reactivity of the compound. As a result, the desired in vivo biological activity may be achieved by the administration of such polymer-compound abducts less frequently or in lower doses than with the unmodified compound.

The pharmaceutical preparation can comprise the ABA, alone, or can further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and can be in solid or liquid form such as tablets, powders, capsules, pellets, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, emulsions, sprays, gels, creams, or suppositories, including rectal and urethral suppositories. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include gums, starches, sugars, cellulosic materials, and mixtures thereof. The pharmaceutical preparation containing the ABA can be administered to a patient by, for example, subcutaneous implantation of a pellet. The preparation can also be administered by intranasal, intravenous, intraarterial, or intramuscular injection of a liquid preparation. Administration can also be accomplished by use of a rectal suppository or a urethral suppository.

The pharmaceutical preparations administrable by the invention can be prepared by known dissolving, mixing, granulating, or tablet-forming processes. For oral administration, ABA and the like are mixed with additives customary for this purpose, such as vehicles, stabilizers, or inert diluents, and converted by customary methods into suitable forms for administration, such as tablets, coated tablets, hard or soft gelatin capsules, aqueous, alcoholic or oily solutions. Examples of suitable inert vehicles are conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose, or cornstarch in combination with binders such as acacia, cornstarch, gelatin, with disintegrating agents such as cornstarch, potato starch, alginic acid, or with a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate.

Examples of suitable oily vehicles or solvents are vegetable or animal oils such as sunflower oil or fish-liver oil. Preparations can be effected both as dry and as wet granules. For parenteral administration (subcutaneous, intravenous, intra-arterial, or intramuscular injection), the ABA and the like are converted into a solution, suspension, or emulsion, if desired with the substances customary and suitable for this purpose, for example, solubilizers or other auxiliaries. Examples are sterile liquids such as water and oils, with or without the addition of a surfactant and other pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants. Illustrative oils are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, or mineral oil. In general, water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, and glycols such as propylene glycols or polyethylene glycol are preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.

The preparation of pharmaceutical compositions which contain an active component is well understood in the art. Such compositions may be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; however, solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection can also be prepared. The preparation can also be emulsified. Active therapeutic ingredients are often mixed with excipients which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like or any combination thereof.

In addition, the composition can contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents which enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient.

The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and to teach one of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use the invention. They are not intended to limit the invention or its protection in any way.

EXAMPLES

Tests were conducted with (S)-(+)-abscisic acid in accordance with standard guidelines and procedures as evidenced by EPA Subchronic Toxicity Test Guidelines: 870.3050—Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents (July 2000); 870.3100—90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents (August 1998); 870.3650—Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test (July 2000); and 870.3200—21/28-Day Dermal Toxicity (August 1998), as well as Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals including: Test No. 407: Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents; Test No. 408: Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents; Test No. 416: Two-Generation Reproduction Toxicity; and Test No. 410: Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity: 21/28-day Study.

Examples of the data from these studies are presented below.

90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents

From the batch supplied (42 males and 42 females), 40 males and 40 females were assigned to the study. Animals were allocated to 4 dose groups and treated as follows:

Animal Numbers Group S-ABA Treatment (ppm) Males Females 1 Control   0  1-10 41-50 2 Low  2000 11-20 51-60 3 Intermediate  6000 21-30 61-70 4 High 20000 31-40 71-80

The animals were dosed by the dietary route 7 days/week for 13 consecutive weeks and up to immediately before terminal kill. Control animals received blank diet only. The concentration was constant throughout the treatment period. Detailed examinations were conducted on all animals during Weeks 4, 8 and 12. Histopathological evaluation of all tissues was undertaken for all animals in the Control and dose groups. Observations and testing results from this study can be seen in Tables 2, 4 and 5 below.

Two Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study

This study was conducted to determine the potential adverse effects of the test substance on reproduction in a 2-generation study. This included determining the effects of the test substance on male and female reproductive processes, including gonadal function, estrous cyclicity, mating behavior, conception, gestation, parturition, lactation, weaning, and on growth and development of the offspring. A minimum of 1 litter was produced in each generation.

Three groups of male and female were offered S-ABA, continuously in the diet for at least 70 consecutive days prior to mating. Target tests substance concentrations were 10,000, 15,000, and 20,000 ppm for the F0 and F1 generations. A concurrent control group of 30 rats/sex was offered the basal diet continuously throughout the study. F0 animals were approximately 7 weeks of age at the initiation of test diet administration. The test diet was administered to the offspring selected to become the F1 generation following weaning. The F0 and F1 males continued to receive the test substance throughout mating and continuing through the day prior to euthanasia. The F0 and F1 females continued to receive the test substance throughout mating, gestation, and lactation, and through the day of euthanasia. For both generations (F1 and F2), 8 pups per litter (4 per sex, when possible) were selected to reduce the variability among the litters. Offspring (30/sex/group, if possible) from the pairing of the F0 animals were selected to constitute the F1 generation. F0 males and females were exposed for 127-130 consecutive days and F1 males and females were exposed for 178-186 consecutive days.

All animals were observed twice daily for appearance and behavior. Clinical observations, body weights, and food consumption were recorded at appropriate intervals for males throughout the study and for females prior to mating and during gestation and lactation. All F0 and F1 females were allowed to deliver and rear their pups until weaning on lactation day 21. Clinical observations, body weights, and sexes for F1 and F2 pups were recorded at appropriate intervals. Nonselected F1 pups and all surviving F2 pups were necropsied. Selected organs were weighed from 1 pup/sex/litter from F1 and F2 pups that were necropsied. Each surviving F0 and F1 parental animal received a complete detailed gross necropsy following the completion of weaning of the F1 and F2 pups, respectively; selected organs were weighed. Spermatogenic endpoints were recorded for all F0 and F1 males, and ovarian primordial follicle counts were recorded for all F0 and F1 females in the control and high-exposure groups and all F0 and F1 females suspected of reduced fertility. Designated tissues from all F0 and F1 parental animals were examined microscopically.

Observations and testing results from this study can be seen in Tables 1, 3 and 6-13 below.

Prostate Treatment

In the two generation toxicity study with male rats, we observed a decrease in mean prostate weight in response to S-ABA treatment as seen in Table 1.

TABLE 1 PROSTATE WEIGHT ORGAN DOSE WEIGHT (PPM) (GRAMS)    0 MEAN 1.21 N 29 10,000 MEAN 1.08 N 29 15,000 MEAN 1.13 N 30 20,000 MEAN 1.09 N 30

As a result of these test data, we see that S-ABA decreases prostate size. For instance, at a 10,000 ppm (parts per million) dose, we see a mean decrease in prostate weight size from 1.21 grams to 1.08 grams in male rats.

Likewise in a 90 day toxicity study, a reduction in prostate weight was observed at 2,000 ppm as seen below in Table 2.

TABLE 2 GROUP/DOSE PROSTATE WEIGHT (ppm) (GRAMS) 1 N = 10    (0) MEAN = 0.875 2 N = 9  (2,000) MEAN = 0.731 3 N = 10 (6,000) MEAN = 0.908 4 N = 10 (20,000)  MEAN = 0.827

Based on results from a two-generation reproductive toxicity of S-ABA in rats, this reduction in prostate weight appears to have no impact on sperm production as seen in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF SPERM MOTILITY AND CONCENTRATION GROUP 0 PPM 10,000 PPM 15,000 PPM 20,000 PPM SPERM PRODUCTION RATE (MILLIONS/GRAM/DAY) MEAN 10.1 10.3 10.7 10.5 N 30 30 28 30 Diabetes Treatment

In a 90 day toxicity study in rats, glucose and triglyceride levels were measured.

Table 4 demonstrates a decrease in mean glucose levels in response to S-ABA treatments.

TABLE 4 GROUP MALE FEMALE DOSE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE LEVEL LEVELS LEVELS (ppm) (mcg/L) (mcg/L) 1 N 10 10    (0) MEAN 9.71 8.30 2 N 8 10 (2,000) MEAN 8.78 8.76 3 N 10 10 (6,000) MEAN 9.16 7.73 4 N 10 9 (20,000)  MEAN 8.94 8.09

As a result of this test data, we see that S-ABA decreases glucose levels in the blood. For instance, at a 2,000 ppm dose, we see a decrease in mean glucose levels from 9.71 to 8.78 micrograms/L in male rats. At the 6,000 and 20,000 ppm dose levels, we see reductions in mean glucose levels for both male and female rats.

Table 5 demonstrates dose-dependent decreases in triglyceride levels in response to S-ABA acid treatments in a 90 day toxicity trial in rats.

TABLE 5 MALE FEMALE TRIGLYCERIDE TRIGLYCERIDE GROUP DOSE LEVELS LEVEL LEVELS (ppm) (micrograms/L) (micrograms/L) 1 N 10 10 (0)control MEAN 1.63 1.23 2 N 8 10 (2,000) MEAN 1.55 0.96 3 N 9 10 (6,000) MEAN 1.31 0.84 4 N 9 9 (20,000)  MEAN 1.22 0.78

As a result of this test data, we see that S-ABA decreases triglyceride levels. For instance, from 2,000 ppm to 20,000 ppm, we see a dose dependent decrease in triglyceride levels in both male and female rats.

Reproduction

Table 6 demonstrates increased postnatal survival rates of offspring in response to S-ABA treatments.

TABLE 6 POSTNATAL SURVIVAL (% PER LITTER) POSTNATAL DAY 0 4 (RELATIVE BIRTH-4 (POST- DOSE TO # 1-4 (PRE- 4 (POST- (PRE- SELECT)- (PPM) BORN) 0-1 SELECTION) SELECTION)-7 7-14 14-21 SELECT) 21 0 MEAN 98.4 98.0 99.5 98.6 99.5 100.0 95.9 98.1 N 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 10,000 MEAN 99.7 100.0 98.9 99.5 100.0 100.0 98.6 99.5 N 25 25 25 25 25 24 25 24 15,000 MEAN 96.1 98.5 98.5 99.6 98.7 100.0 93.2 98.2 N 29 28 28 28 28 28 29 28 20,000 MEAN 98.5 99.7 98.5 98.5 99.5 100.0 96.8 98.0 N 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

As a result of this test data, we see that S-ABA increases postnatal offspring survival rates. For instance, by days 4 through 7, a 10,000 ppm dose resulted in an increase in mean survival from 98.6% to 99.5% in rats.

Table 7 demonstrates increased weight gain of offspring in response to S-ABA treatments.

TABLE 7 OFFSPRING WEIGHT (grams) POSTNATAL DAY DOSE (PPM) 1 4 7 14 21 0 MALE MEAN 6.9 9.1 14.0 29.7 46.8 N 26 26 26 26 26 FEMALE MEAN 6.5 8.5 13.0 28.2 44.4 N 26 26 26 26 26 10,000 MALE MEAN 7.1 9.7 15.2 30.9 47.9 N 25 25 25 25 24 FEMALE MEAN 6.6 9.1 14.3 29.9 45.5 N 25 25 25 25 24 15,000 MALE MEAN 6.9 9.3 14.7 30.8 47.8 N 28 28 28 28 28 FEMALE MEAN 6.6 8.8 14.0 29.8 45.8 N 28 28 28 28 28 20,000 MALE MEAN 7.0 9.3 15.1 31.2 48.1 N 25 25 25 25 25 FEMALE MEAN 6.6 8.8 14.5 30.5 46.6 N 24 24 24 24 24

As a result of this test data, we see that S-ABA increases offspring weight gain. For instance, by day 21, a 10,000 ppm dose resulted in an increase in mean offspring weight from 46.8 grams to 47.9 grams in male rats. The corresponding increase in mean offspring weight for female rats was from 44.4 grams to 45.5 grams.

This result is also suggestive that ABA could be substituted for prophylactic antibiotics that are often utilized in animal reproduction.

Table 8 demonstrates decreased offspring mortality levels in response to S-ABA treatments.

TABLE 8 DOSE (PPM) Offspring Born FOUND DEAD 0 328 15 10,000 322 4 15,000 375 15 20,000 327 11

As a result of this test data, we see that S-ABA decreases offspring mortality. For instance, a 10,000 ppm dose resulted in a decrease from 4.57% to 1.24%.

Table 9 demonstrates increased mean live offspring per litter in response to S-ABA treatments.

TABLE 9 Dose (PPM) 0 10,000 15,000 20,000 Mean Live 11.8 12.3 13.1 12.3 Offspring Born N 25 27 27 27

As a result of this test data, we see that S-ABA increases the number of live offspring per litter. For instance, a 15,000 ppm dose resulted in an increase in mean offspring number from 11.8 to 13.1 per litter.

Further supporting data can be seen below in Tables 10 and 11 showing that at necropsy fetus numbers and follicle size increase with the addition of S-ABA.

TABLE 10 FETAL DATA AT SCHEDULED NECROPSY SEX VIABLE GROUP MALE FEMALE FETUSES 1 N 154 179 343   0 MG/KG/DAY MEAN 5.5 7.2 13.7 2 N 187 181 368  500 MG/KG/DAY MEAN 7.5 7.2 14.7 3 N 188 166 354  750 MG/KG/DAY MEAN 7.5 6.6 14.2 4 N 170 208 378 1,000 MG/KG/DAY  MEAN 6.8 8.3 15.1

TABLE 11 OVARIAN PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE COUNTS FEMALES GROUP 0 PPM 10,000 PPM 15,000 PPM 20,000 PPM PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES MEAN 120.1 257.5 214.0 270.3 N 30 5 1 30 Immune System Health

Two-generation reproductive toxicity studies of S-ABA in rats demonstrated spleen weight reduction in both males and second generation pups as seen in Table 12 and 13.

TABLE 12 MALES GROUP 0 PPM 10,000 PPM 15,000 PPM 20,000 PPM SPLEEN WEIGHT (GRAMS) MEAN 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.92 % DIFFERENCE −2.0 −3.0 −8.9 N 30 30 28 30

TABLE 13 SUMMARY OF ORGAN WEIGHTS AND RELATIVE ORGAN WEIGHTS SECOND GENERATION PUPS GROUP 0 PPM 10,000 PPM 15,000 PPM 20,000 PPM SPLEEN WEIGHT (GRAMS) MEAN 0.2334 0.1989 0.1918 0.1979 % DIFFERENCE −14.8 −17.8 −15.2 N 25 25 27 27

Reduced spleen size, as shown in the tables/data above, may be directly related to improved health and improved mortality shown in the Reproduction tables/data above.

Attention Deficit Disorder

There are some data which also suggests that S-ABA may be useful for treatment of attention deficit disorder (“ADD”) as can be seen in the 21-day Dermal Toxicity Study described herein below:

Animals were allocated to dose groups and treated as follows:

Treatment Animal Numbers Group (mg/kg/day) Males Females 1 Control 0 1-5 21-25 2 Low 100  6-10 26-30 3 Intermediate 300 11-15 31-35 4 High 1000 16-20 36-40

Animals were dosed daily by dermal administration, with an exposure period of 6 hours, 7 days/week for a period of 3 weeks.

The lumbar region of the animals was clipped to expose the skin (approximately 6×6 cm) with the test formulation being spread evenly over this area. A dressing of foil gauze and self adhesive bandage was wrapped around the torso to prevent oral ingestion. Following 6 hours of exposure the dressings were removed and the dose area wiped clean with a cloth dampened with distilled water.

During the dosing period it was noted that some animals were able to get the adhesive bandage off during the 6 hour exposure period.

Group/Sex Animal Number Total No. of Removals 1M 2 1 2M 10 1 4M 20 1 1F 21 1 1F 22 3 1F 23 1 1F 24 1 1F 25 2 2F 26 4 2F 30 1 3F 32 2 3F 33 3 4F 36 3 4F 38 7 4F 39 6

As can be seen above, the female rats in the treatment group appear to be much better at removing the adhesive bandage. Likewise in rat neurotoxicity testing, S-ABA was found to heighten alertness especially in female rats. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of decreasing triglyceride levels in blood comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of: i) abscisic acid; ii) a compound of structure 1

wherein R₁ is selected form the group consisting of ethynyl, ethenyl, cyclopropyl, and trifluoromethyl, R₂ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl, and R₁ is in a cis-relationship to the alcoholic hydroxyl group; a compound of structure 2

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; or a compound of structure 3

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; wherein a cis- or trans-double bond is at a 2^(nd) position of a side chain, a trans-double bond or a triple bond is at a 4^(th) position of the side chain, the alcoholic hydroxyl groups have S-, R- or an R,S-mixture stereochemistry, and the lower alkyl is an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain; or iii) isomeric forms, racemic mixtures, enol forms, solvated forms, unsolvated forms, prodrugs, ester derivatives, ether derivatives, or salts thereof, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day.
 2. A method of reducing glucose levels comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of: i) abscisic acid; ii) a compound of structure 1

wherein R₁ is selected form the group consisting of ethynyl, ethenyl, cyclopropyl, and trifluoromethyl, R₂ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl, and R₁ is in a cis-relationship to the alcoholic hydroxyl group; a compound of structure 2

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; or a compound of structure 3

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; wherein a cis- or trans-double bond is at a 2^(nd) position of a side chain, a trans-double bond or a triple bond is at a 4^(th) position of the side chain, the alcoholic hydroxyl groups have S-, R- or an R,S-mixture stereochemistry, and the lower alkyl is an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain; or iii) isomeric forms, racemic mixtures, enol forms, solvated forms, unsolvated forms, prodrugs, ester derivatives, ether derivatives, or salts thereof, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day.
 3. An infant formula composition comprising from about 0.5% to about 50% by weight of: i) abscisic acid; ii) a compound of structure 1

wherein R₁ is selected form the group consisting of ethynyl, ethenyl, cyclopropyl, and trifluoromethyl, R₂ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl, and R₁ is in a cis-relationship to the alcoholic hydroxyl group; a compound of structure 2

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; or a compound of structure 3

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; wherein a cis- or trans-double bond is at a 2^(nd) position of a side chain, a trans-double bond or a triple bond is at a 4^(th) position of the side chain, the alcoholic hydroxyl groups have S-, R- or an R,S-mixture stereochemistry, and the lower alkyl is an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain; or iii) isomeric forms, racemic mixtures, enol forms, solvated forms, unsolvated forms, prodrugs, ester derivatives, ether derivatives, or salts thereof.
 4. A nutritional composition for administration to a patient comprising from about 0.5% to about 50% by weight of: i) abscisic acid; ii) a compound of structure 1

wherein R₁ is selected form the group consisting of ethynyl, ethenyl, cyclopropyl, and trifluoromethyl, R₂ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl, and R₁ is in a cis-relationship to the alcoholic hydroxyl group; a compound of structure 2

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; or a compound of structure 3

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; wherein a cis- or trans-double bond is at a 2^(nd) position of a side chain, a trans-double bond or a triple bond is at a 4^(th) position of the side chain, the alcoholic hydroxyl groups have S-, R- or an R,S-mixture stereochemistry, and the lower alkyl is an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain; or iii) isomeric forms, racemic mixtures, enol forms, solvated forms, unsolvated forms, prodrugs, ester derivatives, ether derivatives, or salts thereof.
 5. A food ingredient for consumption comprising from about 0.5% to about 50% by weight of: i) abscisic acid; ii) a compound of structure 1

wherein R₁ is selected form the group consisting of ethynyl, ethenyl, cyclopropyl, and trifluoromethyl, R₂ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl, and R₁ is in a cis-relationship to the alcoholic hydroxyl group; a compound of structure 2

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; or a compound of structure 3

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower alkyl; wherein a cis- or trans-double bond is at a 2^(nd) position of a side chain, a trans-double bond or a triple bond is at a 4^(th) position of the side chain, the alcoholic hydroxyl groups have S-, R- or an R,S-mixture stereochemistry, and the lower alkyl is an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain; or iii) isomeric forms, racemic mixtures, enol forms, solvated forms, unsolvated forms, prodrugs, ester derivatives, ether derivatives, or salts thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 10 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 50 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 50 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day.
 9. The method of claim 1 comprising S-abscisic acid.
 10. The method of claim 2 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 10 mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day.
 11. The method of claim 2 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 50 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day.
 12. The method of claim 2 wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from about 50 mg/kg/day to about 200 mg/kg/day.
 13. The method of claim 2 comprising S-abscisic acid. 